Mechanism of noise-induced hearing loss

Mechanism of noise-induced hearing loss

Scientists have recently discovered the function of pejvakin, a molecule that plays a vital role in the hearing system. The absence of this molecule (Pjvk−/−) appears to be responsible for noise-induced hearing loss, one of the most common causes of deafness. 

Audiometric tests performed on individuals with mutations in this gene subsequently revealed an unusually high level of diversity in hearing impairments, in terms of both severity and characteristics. 

Young mice are highly vocal for the first three weeks after they are born, particularly when feeding. The more mice there are in the cage, the noisier their acoustic environment. The scientists observed that as the number of mice in the cage increased, so did their hearing threshold - the minimum sound level at which they are able to hear sounds. Using direct, controlled acoustic stimulation, the scientists were able to prove that the auditory system of mice lacking in pejvakin is affected by their acoustic environment.

The scientists then set about investigating the physiological causes of this phenomenon. They observed that in mice without pejvakin, the auditory sensory cells are damaged as soon as they are exposed to even seemingly harmless sounds - the equivalent of a minute spent in a nightclub for humans. These cells need two weeks of silence to become functional again. With prolonged or repeated exposure, the cells eventually die.

The scientists also identified the noise-sensitive element in the cell as being the peroxisome, a small organelle involved in detoxification and required for their oxidative-stress-induced proliferation. Pjvk−/− cochleas display features of marked oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defenses, and peroxisomes in Pjvk−/− hair cells show structural abnormalities after the onset of hearing.

Noise exposure rapidly upregulates Pjvk cochlear transcription in wild-type mice and triggers peroxisome proliferation in hair cells and primary auditory neurons. Our results reveal that the antioxidant activity of peroxisomes protects the auditory system against noise-induced damage.

The scientists will now look into possible techniques to restore the function of pejvakin, particularly using gene therapy, which has already proved successful in conserving hearing in mice lacking in pejvakin, even when they are overexposed to noise.

http://www.pasteur.fr/en/institut-pasteur/press/press-documents/noise-induced-hearing-loss-genetic-cause-and-mechanism-discovered
 
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