Computer modeling reveal how cell membrane lipids orient cancer-causing proteins

Two biophysicists have used supercomputers to show how cell membranes control the shape, and consequently the function, of a major cancer-causing protein. The protein, a small enzyme called K-Ras, is attached to cell membranes where it senses signals that originate outside the cell. During cancer, dysfunctional K-Ras then activates proteins inside the cell that can cause tumor growth and metastasis. K-Ras functions as a troublesome molecular switch, which is perpetually "on" in many cancers, particularly pancreatic cancer. The study not only offers a novel method to study K-Ras, which is only 1/100,000th of an inch across, but also shows how the protein's geometry could explain its role in cancer progression.

In a series of simulations described in the journal Structure, researchers discovered how fats and electrical charges in cell membranes can completely change the orientation of K-Ras. Too much of one particular type of fat, or lipid, in a membrane shifts and turns K-Ras, shoving its active portion away from the membrane and into the cell, where it can transmit cancer-causing signals. Other membrane lipids help tuck portions of the cancer-driving protein away, putting it in close contact with the membrane and thereby rendering it inactive.

"Experimental studies have shown that the orientation of the cancer-causing K-Ras protein at the membrane matters for its function," said the study lead. "We found that a particular type of membrane lipid, PIP2, turns the protein to an orientation that allows it to become active and promote cancer."

The discovery suggests limiting concentrations of PIP2 in cell membranes could help keep the harmful K-Ras protein hidden by the membrane in the "off" position. "The finding that certain cell signaling lipids change the activity of an oncogenic Ras protein, suggests that we might be able to interfere with tumor progression by inhibiting the enzymes which make the specific cell signaling lipid in cells," author said.

They looked at the structure of the K-Ras protein and how it interacts with the membrane carefully and found that the protein is not a 'round sphere' but rather a 'pyramid-like structure.' Thus, there are only five surfaces that can be used to interact with the membrane.

Armed with this revelation, the researchers studied all five K-Ras orientations in computer simulations that placed the protein at different membranes, mimicking physiological situations. Each simulation allowed the researchers to predict, down to the atom, how K-Ras would spin and orient itself in response to the membrane's composition, and the extent of electrical charges on each of its surfaces.

"We represent all atoms of our protein in a 'virtual space' in the computer. How atoms interact and exert forces on each other has been defined over many decades of work, allowing us to predict the motion of protein regions and also their structures," explained the author. "In this way, modern supercomputers allow millions of small time steps of atomic motions to be simulated, getting us to examine the protein but also cellular membrane behavior on the microsecond timescale."

K-Ras has long been a top target for drug design. But the new study reveals harmful physical characteristics of the protein may be due to its membrane environment. This insight could help drive new innovations in cancer prevention.