Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal form of brain tumor. Despite treatment, GBM recurrence is inevitable and tends to occur outside surgical margins or in locations remote to the primary tumor, highlighting the central role played by tumor infiltration in this malicious disease.

Little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms driving GBM infiltration, but in a new study published in the journal Nature, researchers working with animal models reveal a novel process by which neurons in locations remote to the primary tumor provoke expression of genes from gliomblastoma that subsequently drive tumor infiltration.

“Previous studies have shown associations between the presence of GBM and increased neuronal activity in surrounding brain regions, which can promote tumor progression,” said the first author.

To study how neurons stimulate GBM infiltration, the researchers first determined which neuronal populations promoted glioma intrusion. They hypothesized that callosal projection neurons (CPNs) localized in the cortical hemisphere contralateral to the primary tumor contributed to this phenomenon. CPNs extend across the brain along the corpus callosum, a strip of white matter that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

“Severing the corpus callosum eliminated the neuronal activity-dependent acceleration of GBM infiltration that was observed with the intact control, supporting that an intact corpus callosum is necessary to promote glioma progression and implicating CPNs’ long-range projections in remotely driving GBM infiltration,” the author said.

“The findings suggest that GBMs receive neuronal inputs from a host of brain regions, implying that exposure to a diverse range of neuroactive compounds can potentially influence tumor growth. It’s now clear that tumor-neuron interactions are more widespread than previously thought,” said the corresponding author of the work.

“CPNs promote tumor infiltration, and the tumor affects neuronal connections or synapses. The tumor remodels local neuronal synapses and makes direct synaptic connections, raising the possibility that it alters brain circuit activity in these regions that are distant from the primary tumor.”

Further analyses showed mechanistic details underlying these observations. The researchers found that the infiltrating tumor population is enriched for axon guidance genes, including SEMA4F, which they identified as an essential factor for glioma progression and neuronal activity-dependent infiltration. Interestingly, SEMA4F also promotes neuronal hyperactivity.

“Taken all together, we propose a model in which neurons prompt the expression of genes from glioma tumors that subsequently drive infiltration and their own synaptic activity,” the first author said. “A better understanding of the two-way conversation between GBM and CPNs is an important step toward improved brain tumor treatments.”

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06267-2