p53 is the most famous cancer gene, not least because it's involved in causing over 50% of all cancers. When a cell loses its p53 gene -- when the gene becomes mutated -- it unleashes many processes that lead to the uncontrolled cell growth and refusal to die, which are hallmarks of cancer growth. But there are some cancers, like kidney cancer, that had few p53 mutations. In order to understand whether the inactivation of the p53 pathway might contribute to kidney cancer development, researchers probed kidney cancer's genes for interactions with p53.

Earlier work found that PBRM1 -- the second most mutated gene in kidney cancer -- could interact with p53. However, other researchers were unable to definitively show that it was truly an important mechanism in kidney cancer.

Rather than looking at the p53 protein itself, the authors looked at an activated version of p53, one that is studded with an additional chemical marker - an acetyl group - at many specific spots.

In a paper published in Nature Communications, they examined whether PBRM1 can be a "reader", or translator, of the activated p53. They noticed - by the help of a number of biochemical and molecular tests using both human cancer cell lines and mouse and human tumor samples - that PBRM1 uses its bromodomain 4 to bind to p53, but only in its activated form, with the acetyl group in one specific spot. Tumor-derived point mutations in bromodain 4 can disrupt this interaction, and the resulting mutant PBRM1 loses its ability to suppress tumor growth.

The mutation in BD4 also reduces p53 binding to promoters of target genes such as CDKN1A (p21). Consequently, the PBRM1 BD4 mutant fails to fully support p53 transcriptional activity and is defective as a tumor suppressor. We also find that expressions of PBRM1 and p21 correlate with each other in human kidney cancer samples.

The research suggests that the second-most highly mutated gene in kidney cancer, is strongly linked to a well-studied and understood cancer pathway. Because PBRM1 is present in other cell types and cancers, this finding might be applicable to other cancers as well.

"This shows us that even though p53 isn't directly mutated in many kidney cancers, the cancer is still disrupting p53 pathway to drive cancer initiation and growth. This suggests that there might be a therapeutic window for drugs that activate the p53 pathway, which may preferentially impact PBRM1-defective kidney tumors while sparing normal tissues," says the senior author.

The next steps for the research are to identify the drug or drugs and the therapeutic window. The researchers also plan to determine whether it can be combined with other known therapeutics, and also to investigate which kidney tumor genotypes are most likely to respond to the treatment.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13608-1

http://sciencemission.com/site/index.php?page=news&type=view&id=publications%2Fpbrm1-acts-as-a-p53&filter=22