Naps Hinder Learning in Children With Down Syndrome

Naps Hinder Learning in Children With Down Syndrome


A growing body of research has linked sleep with improved learning and memory consolidation in both children and adults. Yet, a new study shows that napping may not be universally beneficial.

Researchers found that while napping can help young, typically developing children learn, it may have the opposite effect in children with Down syndrome - a population in which memory difficulties and sleep disorders are common.

The findings, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, are among the first to show that naps may actually increase memory loss in certain populations.

"In children with Down syndrome, there's something about having a nap right after learning that seemed to keep them from retaining information as well, which is totally different than what happened in typically developing children, who benefitted from that nap," said senior author of the PNAS paper.

The study involved 24 typically developing children, around age 2 1/2 on average, and 25 children with Down Syndrome, around age 4 1/2 on average. The children had equivalent performances on basic cognitive scales.

The study's first author visited young study participants in their homes, where the research team taught the children new words paired with pictures of novel objects. The words, such as "tobe," "wame," "bope" and "neek," were invented by researchers in order to ensure they were unknown to all participants, but they were designed to structurally mimic words one might encounter in the English language.

Over the course of several home visits, the researchers tested the children's retention of the new words at varying intervals: five minutes after they'd learned the words; four hours after they'd learned the words and stayed awake; four hours after they'd learned the words and taken a nap shortly after learning them; and 24 hours later to test for long-term retention.

The typically developing children retained the new words better four hours and 24 hours after learning them if they took an approximately 90-minute nap shortly after the learning took place. If the children with Down syndrome napped after learning the words, retention was much worse at the four-hour and 24-hour intervals than if they didn't nap.

More research is needed to understand why naps affect learning differently in the two populations, but rapid eye movement, or REM, sleep may play a role, the author said. An increasing amount of literature has shown that REM sleep, which is reduced in Down syndrome, may work in concert with slow-wave sleep, which is the deepest phase of non-REM sleep, to help consolidate memories.

Down syndrome is often accompanied by significant sleep challenges, including sleep apnea and difficulty transitioning between different sleep stages. In the current study, 44 percent of children with Down syndrome did not enter into REM sleep at all during their naps, while only about 6 percent of typically developing children failed to get to REM sleep. The researchers studied sleep stages during the nap by performing home-based polysomnography, which records biophysiological changes that occur during sleep. They measured overall sleep quality via a wrist-worn activity monitor and sleep logs kept by the children's parents.

"There might be something about getting too little REM sleep and not completing that REM stage that could be related to difficulties with retention," the author said. "There are some recent studies that suggest that people show poorer retention if they get just a little bit of REM than if they get a whole REM cycle. More work needs to be done, but REM sleep is definitely something to consider."

All of the children in the study were habitual nappers, meaning they regularly napped at least four times a week. The tests were conducted in the children's homes, with their regular napping schedules considered.

"We were very careful not to sleep deprive the children, so the wake condition was done during a time when they wouldn't usually nap," said the graduate student. "We were also trying to assess sleep in a more ecological way in a natural and familiar environment - their homes - instead of being in a lab where they might not feel as comfortable."

The researchers' findings could have implications for pharmaceuticals and other interventions being developed for individuals with Down syndrome, said the senior author.

"Clinical trials often don't consider sleep as an important factor in the trial design," the lead author said. "If we can show that children learn differently when they nap, it shows how important healthy sleep really is."

https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/naps-hinder-learning-children-down-syndrome

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/23/1811488115

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