A new ultra-small and ultra-flexible electronic neural implant, delivered via blood vessels, can record single-neuron activity deep within the brains of rats, according to new study.

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) enable direct electrical communication between the brain and external electronic systems. They allow brain activity to directly control devices such as prostheses or modulate nerve or muscle function, which can help individuals with paralysis or neurological disorders regain function. However, most conventional BMIs are limited to measuring neural activity at the brain’s surface.

Recording single-neuron activity from deep brain regions often requires invasive intracranial surgery to implant probes, which can result in infection, inflammation, and damage to brain tissues. An alternative approach to implanting bioprobes into deep-brain regions is via the brain’s vascular network.

Here, the researchers present ultra-flexible micro-endovascular (MEV) probes that can be precisely delivered to deep-brain regions via blood vessels. The authors designed an ultra-small and flexible mesh-like electronic recording device that can be loaded onto a flexible microcatheter and implanted into sub-100-micron scale blood vessels of the inner brain. Once delivered, the device expands like a stent to record neuronal signals across the vascular wall without damaging the brain or its vasculature.

To evaluate the MEV probe’s potential in vivo, the researchers implanted the injectable probe into the vasculature of rat brains and demonstrated the ability to measure local field potentials and single-neuron activity in the cortex and olfactory bulb.

What’s more, the authors show that the implanted devices exhibited long-term stability, caused no substantial change to cerebral blood flow or rat behavior, and elicited a minimal immune response.

The authors note that future iterations of such devices could provide tailored therapies to the patient by recording and decoding their neural activity and then providing the appropriate modulatory stimuli.

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh3916