Aging is associated with impaired pancreatic islet function, increased risk of type 2 diabetes, and changes in DNA methylation. Here the authors find blood-based biomarkers that reflect age-associated DNA methylation changes in human pancreatic islets associated with insulin secretion and diabetes.
Predicting the onset of diabetes is already possible by measuring the blood glucose level average, HbA1C, over time. However, the predictive potential of this method is modest and new methods are needed.
The discoveries made by the research group at Lund University have now made it possible to measure the presence of so-called DNA methylations in four specific genes, and thereby predict who is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, long before the disease occurs. Methylations are chemical changes that control gene activity, that is, whether they are active or not.
The researchers started by studying insulin-producing beta cells from deceased persons. They found that the DNA methylations in the four genes in question increased, depending on the donor's age. This in turn affected the activity of the genes.
When these changes were copied in cultured beta cells, they proved to have a positive effect on insulin secretion.
The blood samples from the participants of two separate research projects - one Danish and one Finnish - were then studied and compared with blood samples taken from the same participants ten years later. The Finnish participants, who had exhibited higher levels of DNA methylation in their first sample, had a lower risk of type 2 diabetes ten years later. In the Danish participants, higher DNA methylation in their first sample was associated with higher insulin secretion ten years later. All of the Danish participants were healthy on both occasions, whereas approximately one-third of the Finnish participants had developed type 2 diabetes.
"Increased insulin secretion actually protects against type 2 diabetes. It could be the body's way of protecting itself when other tissue becomes resistant to insulin, which often happens as we get older", says the research project manager.
The studies were based on a relatively small number of participants, and a selection of genes. The researchers therefore now want to continue with finding markers with a stronger predictive potential by implementing so-called epigenetic whole-genome sequencing when analysing a person's entire genetic make-up and all the DNA methylations that come with it, in a larger population group.
The research group has previously shown that age, diet and exercise affect the so-called epigenetic risk of type 2 diabetes.
http://www.lu.se/article/ny-metod-mater-risken-for-typ-2-diabetes-i-blod
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