A graduate student’s curiosity has uncovered a previously unknown link between two important hallmarks of cancer: chromosomal instability and epigenetic alterations.

The resulting study, which was published in Nature, not only opens a fertile new area of basic science biology research, but has implications for clinical care as well.

Chromosomal instability has to do with changes to the number of chromosomes each cancer cell carries. Epigenetic alterations change which genes get turned on or off in a cell, but without modifying the cell’s DNA code.

Chromosomes are tightly packaged strands of DNA that carry our genetic information. Normally, each of our cells has 46 chromosomes — half from one parent and half from the other. When a cell divides to make a new copy of itself, all those chromosomes are supposed to end up in the new cell, but in cancer the process can go dreadfully awry.

“The big question that my lab is trying to answer is how chromosomal instability drives cancer evolution, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance,” the senior author says. “It’s a feature of cancer, especially advanced cancers, where the normal process of cell division goes haywire. Instead of 46 chromosomes, you can have a cell with 69 chromosomes right next to a cell with 80 chromosomes.”

The prevailing wisdom in the field has been that cancer cells increase their chance of survival by shuffling up their genetic material when they divide. This process increases the odds that some of the random changes will allow a cancer daughter cell to withstand the assaults of the immune system and medical interventions.

“This new research, however, suggests that’s only part of the story,” the auhtor says.

That’s because you can have two cancer cells, each with the same number of extra copies of a given chromosome, but each have different genes that are turned off or on. This is due to additional epigenetic changes.

“Our work further suggests that you don’t actually need mutations in the genes that encode epigenetic-modifying enzymes for epigenetic abnormalities to happen. All you need is to have the ongoing chromosomal instability,” the senior author says. “It’s an unexpected finding, but really important. And it also explains why we often find chromosomal instability and epigenetic abnormalities in advanced, drug-resistant cancers, even when there is no evidence of the types of mutations that we would expect to create epigenetic havoc.”

Small, extra nuclei in cells — known as micronuclei —are usually rare and quickly get eliminated by the cell’s natural repair mechanisms. When you get a bunch of them, it’s a signal that something has gone horribly wrong, as happens in cancer.

Like a cell’s primary nucleus, these micronuclei contain packages of genetic material. And when these micronuclei burst — which they frequently do — it causes even more problems, the research team found.

The research demonstrated that the sequestration of chromosomes into micronuclei disrupts the organization of chromatin — a complex of genetic components that get packaged into chromosomes during cell division.

This leads to ongoing epigenetic dysregulation, which continues long after a micronucleus is reintegrated into a cell’s primary nucleus.

And the repeated formation and reincorporation of micronuclei over many cycles of cell division leads to the buildup of epigenetic changes. These, in turn, lead to greater and greater differences between individual cancer cells.

The more variation between individual cancer cells within the same tumor, the more likely it is that some of the cells will be resistant to whatever treatment is being thrown at them — allowing them to survive and continue their runaway growth.

To understand and quantify the epigenetic changes happening inside the cells, the researchers use a series of sophisticated experiments to isolate the micronuclei and examine changes occurring in them compared to the cells’ primary nuclei. This allowed them to see patterns of histone modification — changes to the spools around which DNA winds, which, in turn, change access to the underlying genes.

“This allowed us to ask some important questions, like do we actually get transcription of genes that are important in specific pathways?” another author says. “And the answer is ‘yes.’”

They also compared intact versus ruptured micronuclei — revealing an even greater level of changes in the ones that had burst open.

“We also found there were a lot more accessible promoter regions in the micronuclei than in the primary nuclei,” she adds — promoter regions being DNA sequences near the beginning of a gene that help to initiate transcription, a critical step in gene expression.

In one key experiment, the researchers forced a chromosome to go out into a micronucleus and then allowed it to get reintegrated into the primary nucleus. They compared this adventuresome chromosome to one that stayed put.

“Our model chromosome, which happened to be chromosome Y, showed substantial changes in its epigenetic landscape and accessibility of its DNA,” the author says. “This has major implications because of the significant impact the journey of a chromosome into a micronucleus have on the epigenetic changes of the primary nucleus, which we know play a role in tumor progression and evolution.”

The work, she adds, opens whole new avenues of study.

“Now that we’ve demonstrated that chromosomal instability and epigenetic changes are closely linked, we can go deeper and ask questions about precisely how and why,” the author says.

Findings by another research team published in Nature at the same time found additional evidence that supports the MSK team’s discoveries.

More than just shedding light on the changes happening inside cancer cells, the research holds promise for treating patients, as well, the researchers note.

Epigenetic changes are a reversible form of gene regulation — and several classes of drugs have already been developed to work on them.

So, to begin with, chromosomal instability and the presence of micronuclei might be used as a biomarkers to help identify which patients might be more likely to be helped by epigenetic modifying drugs, the senior author says.

Additionally, the findings may pave the way for new therapeutic approaches.

“There’s a question of whether we should be treating chromosomally unstable cells with these epigenetic modifying therapies,” the author says. “This research demonstrates epigenetic changes can occur without those mutations being present.”

Moreover, the study also suggests that ongoing research into drugs to target chromosomal instability directly might benefit from being combined with efforts to suppress epigenetic alternations, the author adds.

Longer term, another potential avenue would be to explore ways of targeting the micronuclei to preventing them from rupturing, which the research showed was a big driver of epigenetic changes, the author notes.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06084-7

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06157-7

http://sciencemission.com/site/index.php?page=news&type=view&id=publications%2Fheritable-transcriptiona&filter=22

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