Why your brain parasite isn't making you sick?

More than 30 million Americans are infected with a brain parasite spread by cats and contaminated meat, but most will never show symptoms. A new discovery explains why, and that finding could have important implications for brain infections, neurodegenerative diseases and autoimmune disorders.

The researchers found that the parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is kept in check by brain defenders called microglia. These microglia release a unique immune molecule, IL-1α, that recruits immune cells from the blood to control the parasite in the brain, the scientists discovered. This process works so well that very few people develop symptomatic toxoplasmosis, the disease the parasite causes.

Understanding the role of microglia is essential because they are normally the only immune cells inside the brain. The new finding reveals how they recruit help when needed, and that discovery could apply to any brain condition with an immunological component - including brain injury, neurodegenerative disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis and more.

"Microglia must die to save the brain from this infection," said the senior author. "Otherwise the IL-1α remains stuck inside the microglia and wouldn't alert the immune system that something is wrong."

The lab used an elegant approach that leveraged the long-lived nature of microglia to understand their role in brain infection. They found that infection caused microglia to die in an inflammatory fashion - a way that the closely related immune cells do not.

The microglia burst, the researchers determined, to recruit immune cells called macrophages to control the Toxoplasma gondii infection. This finding helps explain why most people have no trouble controlling the parasite, while some - especially people who are immunocompromised - can become very sick.

"Understanding pathways like this could be beneficial for other diseases involving neuroinflammation," another author said. "We can ask whether promoting this pathway is helpful in situations where you need more of an immune presence in the brain, such as infections or cancers, and also whether inhibiting this molecule could be helpful in diseases driven by too much neuroinflammation, like multiple sclerosis. Targeting one specific pathway like this one could have less off-target effects than targeting inflammation more broadly."

In the future, the authors are interested in understanding how microglia detect the parasites in the brain. Microglia could recognize the parasite's presence directly, or they could recognize damage to brain tissue, a phenomenon that occurs in many diseases.

"The immune system must enter the brain to fight dangerous infections," said the senior author. "We now understand how microglia sound the alarm to protect the brain. We suspect that similar signals are missed or misinterpreted in Alzheimer's disease, opening up an exciting new research avenue in the lab."

https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2020/07/30/your-brain-parasite-isnt-making-you-sick-heres-why/

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17491-z

http://sciencemission.com/site/index.php?page=news&type=view&id=publications%2Fgasdermin-d-dependent&filter=22