A new target for anxiety disorders
Scientists have uncovered unique roles for a protein complex in the structural organization and function of brain cell connectivity, as well as in specific cognitive behaviors. The work is published in The EMBO Journal.
Although defects in synapse organization are linked to many neuropsychiatric conditions, the mechanisms responsible for this organization are poorly understood. The new study’s findings could provide valuable therapeutic insights, the researchers believe.
Two goals are important to bear in mind with this research, said the senior author.
“One is to uncover novel molecular mechanisms for brain cell communication,” the author said. “The other is to develop a new unique animal model of anxiety disorders displaying panic disorder- and agoraphobia-like behaviors, which helps us develop new therapeutic strategies.”
Mental illnesses, such as anxiety disorders, autism and schizophrenia are among the leading health disorders in Canada and worldwide. Despite their prevalence, drug development and treatment for many of these illnesses have proven to be very challenging, due to the complexity of the brain. Scientists have therefore strived to understand the underlying mechanisms that lead to cognitive disorders in order to advance therapeutic strategies.
The junctions between two brain cells (neurons) are called synapses, which are essential for neuronal signal transmission and brain functions. Defects in excitatory synapses, which activate signal transmission to target neurons, and those in synaptic molecules predispose to many mental illnesses.
The team has previously discovered a new protein complex within the synaptic junction, called TrkC-PTPσ, which is only found in excitatory synapses. The genes coding for TrkC (NTRK3) and PTPσ (PTPRS) are associated with anxiety disorders and autism, respectively. However, the mechanisms by which this complex regulates synapse development and contributes to cognitive functions are unknown.
The work carried out in the new study by first author showed that the TrkC-PTPσ complex regulates the structural and functional maturation of excitatory synapses by regulating the phosphorylation, a biochemical protein modification, of many synaptic proteins, while disruption of this complex causes specific behavioral defects in mice.
By generating mice with specific genetic mutations that disrupt the TrkC-PTPσ complex, the team uncovered the unique functions of this complex. They demonstrated that this complex regulates the phosphorylation of many proteins involved in synapse structure and organization.
High-resolution imaging of the mutant mice brains revealed abnormal synapse organization, and further study of their signaling properties showed an increase in inactive synapses with defects in signal transmission.
Observing the behavior of the mutant mice, the scientists saw that they exhibited elevated levels of anxiety, especially enhanced avoidance in unfamiliar conditions, and impaired social behaviors.
https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/s44318-024-00252-9