How the brain follows an internal rhythm

A research team has gained new insights into the brain processes involved in encoding and retrieving new memory content. The study is based on measurements of individual nerve cells in people with epilepsy and shows how they follow an internal rhythm. The work has now been published in the journal Nature Communications.

"Similar to members of an orchestra who follow a common beat, the activity of nerve cells appears to be linked to electrical oscillations in the brain, occurring one to ten times per second. The cells prefer to fire at specific times within these brain waves, a phenomenon known as theta-phase locking," says the first author.

The research team found that the interaction between nerve cells and brain waves is active in both the learning and remembering of new information – specifically in the medial temporal lobe, a central area for human memory. However, in the study on spatial memory, the strength of theta-phase locking of nerve cells during memory formation was independent of whether the test subjects were later able to correctly recall the memory content.

"This suggests that theta-phase locking is a general phenomenon of the human memory system, but does not alone determine successful recall," says the corresponding author.

While most nerve cells always fired at the same oscillation time, some nerve cells interestingly changed their preferred timing between learning and remembering. "This supports the theory that our brain can separate learning and retrieval processes within a brain wave, similar to members of an orchestra who start playing at different times in a piece of music," says the author.

The study provides new insights into how nerve cells and electrical signals in the brain interact while new memories are formed. The senior author concludes: "A better understanding of these processes could help us in the long term to better understand memory disorders and treat them more effectively. “

The research team was able to observe the interaction between nerve cells and brain waves during the memory process in the study by exploiting a special feature of epilepsy therapy. Patients with particularly difficult-to-treat epilepsy have electrodes implanted in their brains for diagnostic purposes.

The aim is to determine the exact origin of the epileptic seizures in order to achieve better surgical results. However, these implanted electrodes can also be used to record human brain activity at the level of individual cells.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-62553-9

https://sciencemission.com/Theta-phase-locking-of-single-neurons