Age-related ciliopathy
The researchers have found that middle-age obesity is caused by age-related changes in the shape of neurons in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls metabolism and appetite.
A protein called melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) detects overnutrition and regulates metabolism and appetite to prevent obesity. According to their study in rats, MC4Rs were concentrated in primary cilia (antenna-like structures) that extend from a couple of groups of hypothalamic neurons. The study also showed that the primary cilia became shorter with age, which decreased MC4Rs accordingly, resulting in weight gain.
“We believe that a similar mechanism exists in humans as well,” said the lead author of the study. “We hope our finding will lead to a fundamental treatment for obesity.” The researchers published the results of the study in the journal Cell Metabolism.
As we get older, we become more prone to being overweight and obesity. Obese people are more susceptible to diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other chronic diseases. Previous studies have suggested that middle-age weight gain is caused by a decline in overall metabolism due to aging, but the mechanism was unclear.
A research team conducted a study focusing on MC4Rs. MC4Rs stimulate metabolism and suppress food intake in response to an overeating signal from melanocortin. Initially, the research team examined the distribution of MC4Rs in the rat brain by utilizing an antibody they had developed specifically to make MC4Rs visible. They found that MC4Rs are present exclusively in primary cilia of specific groups of hypothalamic neurons.
The team next investigated the length of the primary cilia that had MC4Rs (MC4R+ cilia) in the brains of 9-week-old (young) rats and 6-month-old (middle-age) rats. The team found that MC4R+ cilia in middle-aged rats were significantly shorter than those in young rats. Accordingly, the metabolism and the fat-burning capacity of middle-aged rats were much lower than those of young rats.
The team next analyzed MC4R+ cilia in rats under different dietary conditions. The results showed that MC4R+ cilia in rats on a normal diet gradually shortened with age. On the other hand, MC4R+ cilia in rats on a high-fat diet shortened at a faster pace, while those in rats on a restricted diet shortened at a slower pace.
Interestingly, the team also found that MC4R+ cilia that once disappeared with age were regenerated in rats raised under two months of dietary restriction.
In the study, the team also used genetic technologies to make MC4R+ cilia shorter in young rats. These rats showed increased food intake and decreased metabolism, leading to weight gain.
The team also administered a hormone called leptin to the brains of rats with artificially shortened MC4R+ cilia. Leptin is thought to help reduce food intake. Surprisingly, however, their appetite was not reduced, indicating that leptin could not exert anti-obesity effects.
"This phenomenon, called leptin resistance, is often observed in obese human patients as well. This is an obstacle to the treatment of obesity, but the cause has long been unknown," explained the first author of the study.
“In obese patients, adipose tissue secretes excessive leptin, which triggers the chronic action of melanocortin. Our study suggests that this may promote the age-related shortening of MC4R+ cilia and put animals into a downward spiral where melanocortin becomes ineffective, increasing the risk of obesity."
The study concluded that the age-related shortening of MC4R+ cilia causes middle-age obesity and leptin resistance in rats. The researchers demonstrated that dietary restriction is one method to prevent and treat overweight and obesity. The senior author said, “Moderate eating habits could maintain MC4R+ cilia long enough to keep the brain’s anti-obesity system in good shape even as we age.”
