Exosome subtypes with diverse membrane origins and mergers
Exosome-generating multivesicular endosomes include not only late endosomes but also recycling endosomes and fusion compartments with nonendosomal contributions.
Nonendosomal membranes, including those from autophagosomes, mitochondria, and regulated secretory compartments, contribute to the limiting membrane of multivesicular endosomes and intraluminal vesicles, expanding intraluminal vesicle diversity and exosome functions.
Exosome subtypes are further diversified by specialized mechanisms controlling their production and cargo-specific loading, many of which are enhanced by disease-relevant cellular stresses.
Intraluminal vesicles have intracellular roles prior to secretion, for example, in compartment maturation events and physiological and pathological protein aggregation. Exosome subtype characterisation will facilitate and optimize the use of extracellular vesicles in diagnosis, therapeutic targeting, and bio-delivery.
https://www.cell.com/trends/cell-biology/fulltext/S0962-8924(26)00040-1
